“AFGHANISTAN IN THE GRIP OF THE TALIBAN”: THE STRUCTURE OF ARABIC NEWS HEADLINE

News from online media portals has advantages over traditional media in establishing credibility and influencing its readers. This study aims to investigate the structure of Arabic online media discourse in the header: رايلم عمجت ةدحتملا مملأا :نابلاط مكح تحت ناتسناغفأ ةيناسنلإا تادعاسملل رلاود on the news portal www.bbc.arabic.com. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method in conjunction with Teun A. van Dijk's critical discourse analysis theory. The findings of this study indicate that the discourse structure of Arabic online media under the heading: تادعاسملل رلاود رايلم عمجت ةدحتملا مملأا :نابلاط مكح تحت ناتسناغفأ ةيناسنلإا meets the criteria established by Teun A. van Dijk's model of discourse structure analysis, which includes macro structure (overall meaning of the text by fathoming the topic), superstructure (sees the text based on its plot), and microstructure (which examines the word choice, sentence structure, and writing style).

discourse analysis has a systematic and descriptive theoretical purpose which can be defined that the structure of discourse and written oral discourse can be seen as textual objects and socio-cultural practices between treatments and bonds. The model used by Teun A. van Dijk can also be defined by social cognition taken from a social psychology approach. According to van Dijk, the study of the text itself cannot be seen through the text alone, because the text is only a result of production practices that must be reviewed. Therefore, the formation of a text can describe the structure and process. Meanwhile, the critical discourse analysis introduced by van Dijk has three aspects, namely text, social cognition, and social context. The incorporation of these three aspects of discourse into a unified analysis is the main goal pursued by van Dijk (Eriyanto, 2001: 224) A number of studies have been done investigating news in the perspective of critical discourse analysis in various aspect. Rafiee et. al. (2018) for example, conducted a research to reveal the discourse structure of news in Dutch and Iranian news media. They asserted that many studies of structure in present-day Western news texts have shown that the dominant structure is the inverted pyramid. Based on their research findings, news texts from national Iranian and Dutch newspapers were significantly different in their structure. The study suggests that the role, pattern and effects of (journalistic) communication can be culture-specific.
Another study was conducted by Sani et al. (2021). Their study concerns on the discourse structure of cartoon. The study used a qualitative design method with specific cartoon discourses by Nuriarta on social media (Facebook and Instagram) which appeared in January-April 2020. Data were analysed using qualitative descriptive analysis through data reduction procedures, data presentation, and conclusions. Results showed that the discourse consists of cartoon discourse structure at the supra structure stage using a combination of headline, illustration, body copy, and signature line. Sari & Indarti (2020) investigate the headline of Rohingya. Their study aims to shed light on the Rohingya people's representation in an article published in The Jakarta Post titled "Myanmar troops systematically gang rape Rohingya women: A UN envoy." The data for this study was gathered from The Jakarta Post's official website using a qualitative approach to describe how language is used to portray Rohingya people. The news article's discourse structure is divided into two broad categories: global structures and local structures. Global structures analyze the news report's global theme and outline. The local structure, or microstructure, is the second level.
From the aforementioned studies, no research had been done in investigating specifically the Arabic news using the van Dijk model of Critical Discourse Analysis. The emergence of this actual news makes authors interested in using it as an object of this study. The authors use an approach introduced and developed by van Dijk. Several scholars have introduced and developed different discourse analysis methods, however van Dijk's approach is the most extensively applied (Sahmeni & Afifah, 2019;Hamid et al., 2021). According to van Dijk, critical discourse analysis focuses on more than just the structure of the text because the structure of the discourse reveals a variety of ideologies, meanings, and opinions (Rosliana & Mahardika, 2020). An examination of cognitive and social background is required in order to discover the hidden meaning in the text (Gil-Bonilla, 2020). The cognitive method is founded on the premise that the text has no meaning, but that meaning is provided by the language user, or rather the mental awareness process as mediated by the language user (Al-Saeedi, 2020), who are language learners who benefit from learning the language (Najarzadegan et al., 2018). On this basis, this study aims to analyze the types and varieties of discourse structures that form news on Arabic online media in revealing news about the Taliban's control of Afghanistan.

Methods
This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a combination of critical discourse analysis theory introduced by van Dijk. This method was chosen in order to deepen the description of critical analysis on the object of news study (Wodak & Meyer, 2001 technique was chosen as the data collection in this study. Through this method, the data contained in the online media discourse taken from www.bbc.arabic.com with the headline title ‫تحت‬ ‫أفغانستان‬ ‫اإلنسانية‬ ‫للمساعدات‬ ‫دوالر‬ ‫مليار‬ ‫تجمع‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫طالبان:‬ ‫حكم‬ can be used as evidence or information in conducting research.
There are two types of data sources used in this study, namely primary and secondary data. The primary data in this study came from the Arab online media site www.bbc.arabic.com regarding the news on humanitarian aid carried out by the United Nations for Afghanistan. While the secondary data in this study was taken from various sources such as books, articles and references which of course are closely related to the context of the discussion of this research.
Following Darma (2014), the stages that the authors went through in this study were, firstly collecting reference data on online media related to the research discussion. After the data is collected, the data was grouped and then analyzed using critical discourse analysis developed by Teun A. van Dijk. In the critical discourse analysis developed by van Dijk, it is categorized into three structures, namely superstructure, macro structure, and micro structure. In the last stage, the results of data analysis were formed and compiled into a research report.

Results and Discussion
Teun A. van Dijk (1993A. van Dijk ( , 1997A. van Dijk ( , 1998 divides three structures or levels contained in text analysis. Firstly, the macro structure is the overall or general meaning of a text that can be identified by selecting an important theme or topic in the news. In the macro structure, what can be observed is thematic which contains what the object in research says. Second, superstructure is related to the arrangement of the framework of a text into a unified whole. This superstructure is supported by other parts in the form of the main idea, part of the news scheme, in a news story such as in the form of stories and quotes. In the superstructure, there are two elements, namely summary and story. Third, microstructure is the hidden meaning of discourse that can be seen through the smallest parts of a text, such as words, sentences, propositions, clauses, paraphrases, and pictures. There are elements contained in this microstructure, namely semantics, syntax, stylistics, and rhetoric. The following is an explanation of each of these elements.
In this section, the authors will present the findings from the data in the form of text elements consisting of several critical discourse structures, namely the macro structure, superstructure, and micro structure of the Arabic news headline studied in the current research.

Macro Structure
The macro structure is the overall or general meaning of a text that can be identified by choosing an important theme or topic in the news. The following is a macro structure analysis covering thematics in the structure of the Arabic online media www.bbc.arabic.com in the news headline ‫اإلنسانية‬ ‫للمساعدات‬ ‫دوالر‬ ‫مليار‬ ‫جتمع‬ ‫املتحدة‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫طالبان:‬ ‫حكم‬ ‫حتت‬ ‫أفغانستان‬

• Themes
The themes depicted in the news regarding UN humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan are as follows: ‫القوة‬ ‫بتوفري‬ ‫املتحدة‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫تتعهد‬ ‫األفغاين‬ ‫للشعب‬ ‫املالية‬ ‫املساعدة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ية‬ ‫البشر‬ (United Nations (UN) promised manpower and financial assistance to the Afghan population).
The sentence above is the theme of the written news. The theme explains and delivers what the news conveys to the readers. The supporting sentences for the theme are found in the news paragraph. In this topic, it was emphasized that the UN assistance was structured in collaboration with donors spearheaded by the UN Secretary General, Antonio Guterres. ‫أبفغ‬ ‫الطعام‬ ‫يف‬ ‫يع"‬ ‫"مر‬ ‫نقص‬ ‫مع‬ ‫إنسانية‬ ‫ثة‬ ‫كار‬ ‫من‬ ‫حتذر‬ ‫املتحدة‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫انستان‬ ‫الوضع‬ ‫لبحث‬ ‫اجتماعا‬ ‫يعقد‬ ‫الناتو‬ ‫حلف‬ ‫أفغانستان.‬ ‫يف‬ ‫األمين‬ (United Nations warns of humanitarian catastrophe with "terrible" food shortages in Afghanistan. NATO meets to discuss security situation in Afghanistan).

Superstructure
Superstructure is related to the arrangement of the framework of a text into a unified whole. This superstructure is supported by other parts in the form of the main idea, part of the news scheme, in a news story such as in the form of stories and quotes. In the superstructure, there are two elements, namely summary and story. The news superstructure in summary form is grouped into two, namely titles and leads. Here is the description: • Title The title depicted in the news regarding UN humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan is as follows: ‫اإلنسانية‬ ‫للمساعدات‬ ‫دوالر‬ ‫مليار‬ ‫جتمع‬ ‫املتحدة‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫طالبان:‬ ‫حكم‬ ‫حتت‬ ‫أفغانستان‬ (Afghanistan under Taliban rule: UN raises $1 billion in humanitarian aid.) The title covers the entire content of the news which explains how Afghanistan is assisted by the United Nations by raising 1 billion dollars for humanitarian aid. Here journalists use titles that make readers curious about the contents of the news. In this title, there is the phrase UN collects 1 billion dollars in humanitarian aid, which indicates that journalists deliberately use that sentence to make readers curious about how the UN raised that much money and what kind of humanitarian aid the UN provided to Afghanistan.
(The donors' conference, held Monday in Geneva, pledged about a billion dollars in aid to Afghanistan, following warnings from the United Nations of a "looming catastrophe".) The lead in this news can also be said as the core of the news. This news terrace is located in the News Headline. This news terrace leads to the news that journalists want to present to readers. This news story illustrates how the humanitarian assistance carried out by the United Nations through a conference of donors convened on Monday in Geneva pledged about one billion dollars in aid to Afghanistan.
The news superstructure in the form of stories is grouped into two, namely situations and comments.
• Situation The situation described is on the 5th line in this news, namely: ‫كوروان.‬ ‫ووابء‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫إضافة‬ ، ً ‫شديدا‬ ً ‫وجفافا‬ ً ‫مطوال‬ ً ‫اعا‬ ‫صر‬ ‫اجه‬ ‫وتو‬ ‫للغاية،‬ ً ‫يعا‬ ‫مر‬ ً ‫وضعا‬ ‫البالد‬ ‫اجه‬ ‫"تو‬ ‫عنها‬ ‫صادر‬ ‫بيان‬ ‫يف‬ ‫وقالت‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ابلفعل‬ ‫حباجة‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫نصف‬ ‫من‬ ‫يقرب‬ ‫ما‬ ‫إن‬ ‫املساعدة"‬ ‫ىل‬ ("The country is facing a very dire situation, prolonged conflict and severe drought, in addition to the Corona outbreak. Nearly half of the population already needs assistance," he said in a statement.) The situation described in line 5 is a dire situation. Not only is the corona outbreak haunting them, but in Afghanistan there is also a prolonged conflict and drought. They are in dire need of aid such as clean water, medicine, and other humanitarian aid.

• Comments
The comments section usually contains the views of related parties such as journalists and sources. The comments in this news are on the 5th and 6th lines, namely: From the contents of the news, it can be seen that the funds will be collected to provide various needs for 11 million people and health services for 3.4 million people. Here, journalists should explain where the data for 11 million people and 3.4 million people came from.

Micro Structure
Microstructure is the meaning of discourse that can be seen from a small part of a text. This microstructure consists of semantics, syntax, stylistics, and rhetoric. Here is the presentation: Semantic Semantic can be defined as the meaning that is emphasized in the text which can be seen through several things, including: (1) Setting, is defined as an element of discourse that can be used to prove that the ideas contained in the text are true. Eriyanto (2001) suggests that the setting is also an important element because it can reveal what the journalists mean. (2) Detail, can be defined as a strategy for how journalists express themselves in the discourse developed by the media (Eriyanto, 2001: 238). Details can also be interpreted as control information that can be displayed by a communicator. (3) Intent, defined as an element that shows how journalists use certain language practices to emphasize the truth of their news (Eriyanto, 2001: 240-241 (The donors' conference, held Monday in Geneva, pledged about a billion dollars in aid to Afghanistan, following warnings from the United Nations of a "looming catastrophe").
The part of the headline above is the background of this story on the BBC website. The sentence explains that the background of this news is in Geneva. On Monday, a donors' conference was held and took place in Geneva.

• Details
The details described in the 2nd and 3rd lines of this news are: The part of the sentence above is a detail element of this news. The word amount "The conference seeks to raise a total of $606 million" in line 2 explains that the conference must raise at least $606 million in donations to save Afghans. Furthermore, the third sentence states that Afghans really need assistance such as food, medicine, health services, drinking water, and sanitation. The part of the sentence above contains the element of intent contained in the word 'to'. Funds collected by the United Nations are earmarked for 11 million people who need food, basic necessities, and other things. The above part of the sentence contains a nominalized element of the news about Afghanistan under the Taliban: UN raises $1 billion in humanitarian aid from the BBC website. It is on the second line "$606 million" in this nominalization section. The journalist explains that the conference organized by the UN is seeking to raise $606 million. to help millions of Afghans. (The funds are needed to, among other things, provide food and other basic necessities for 11 million people, and basic health services for 3.4 million people, among other things.) The part of the sentence above contains the nominalization element in the 10th line, namely 11 million and 3.4 million. In this section the journalist does not explain where the data for 11 million people and 3.4 million people come from.

Syntax
The elements that are included in the syntax are (1) The form of the sentence, in terms of syntax, the form of the sentence will determine the meaning formed in the arrangement of the sentence.
(2) Coherence, can be interpreted as an element that can explain how events are connected or separated from the journalist's point of view (Sobur, 2004:81). Eriyanto (2001) also argues that coherence is an element of discourse that is used to see how someone uses discourse to clarify facts and events that are seen as separate, connected, or cause and effect. (3) Pronouns, in this case pronouns can be defined as tools used by communicators to indicate the position of a person in a discourse (Eriyanto, 2001: 225). According to Sobur (2004), pronouns can express a person's attitude as well as people who use the pronoun I or we in describing something that is the attitude of the communicator. Below are among the syntactic elements found from the data.

• Coherence
This element has a relationship between words or sentences in the text so that it becomes a unified whole.
The sentence above contains an additive conjunction in the form of wa ‫)و(‬ which is used to connect two clauses that have an equal position. (UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres told ministers participating in the conference that it was "very important" for the international organization to communicate with the Taliban to facilitate the transfer and distribution of humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.)

‫قدره‬ ‫مبلغ‬ ‫جلمع‬ ‫متر‬ ‫املؤ‬ ‫وسعى‬
The sentence above is included in the equipment in the form of a conjunction which serves to provide an explanation of the first clause and the previous clause.
• Sentence Form

‫متر‬ ‫املؤ‬ ‫يف‬ ‫كني‬ ‫املشار‬ ‫اء‬ ‫الوزر‬ ‫أمام‬ ‫يش‬ ‫غوتري‬ ‫أنطونيو‬ ‫املتحدة‬ ‫لألمم‬ ‫العام‬ ‫األمني‬ ‫قال‬
(United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres told ministers participating in the conference) The two sentences above are active sentences, it is clear that the subject of the sentence is thousands of people and Antonio Guterres is the perpetrator of the work.

Stylistic
Stylistics can be interpreted as the choice of words or diction used in a news text. This element is also called the lexicon. Basically, this lexicon indicates the way a person chooses the right word from the many available word choices.
The lexicon in Afghanistan news under Taliban rule: UN raises $1 billion in humanitarian aid is on the first line after the headline:

Rhetoric
Rhetoric has a function as a strategy that attracts attention or emphasizes a certain side of the message to be noticed by the reader. Rhetoric consists of several elements, namely the use of letters, pictures, photos, and numbers.
Use of letters, pictures, and photos ‫للمس‬ ‫دوالر‬ ‫مليار‬ ‫جتمع‬ ‫املتحدة‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫طالبان:‬ ‫حكم‬ ‫حتت‬ ‫أفغانستان‬ ‫اإلنسانية‬ ‫اعدات‬ The use of letters in the news titles of online media bbc.arabic.com is made bigger and bolder in order to emphasize or highlight important things in the news.   Figure 1 shows two people are busy moving dozens of bags containing food and staples resulting from humanitarian aid. In Figure 2, there is a photo with a portrait of a child holding his little brother in a shabby and hungry condition as well as a portrait of a resident who seems to have no place to live. By displaying these two photos, it can be shown as supporting facts in a news story. This can be one of the journalistic strategies to influence readers' awareness and understanding of the news.

Numbers
The use of numbers in the news aims to give the effectiveness of truth and accuracy. Here are some example of sentences. (A call was issued to secure most of this money late last year as part of a call to raise $1.3 billion in humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, much of which was raised).

Conclusion
Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the discourse structure of Arabic online media in the news headlines ‫اإلنسانية‬ ‫للمساعدات‬ ‫دوالر‬ ‫مليار‬ ‫تجمع‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫طالبان:‬ ‫حكم‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫أفغانستان‬ meets the criteria in accordance with the theory of discourse structure analysis introduced by Teun A. van Dijk, which includes: macro structure, superstructure, and micro structure. The macro structure in this news headline is about the news topic contained in the first line of the news, namely in the sentence ‫األفغاني‬ ‫للشعب‬ ‫المالية‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫البشرية‬ ‫القوة‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ‫.األمم‬ Furthermore, the superstructure in this news headline contains two elements, namely summary and story. The superstructure of the summary form is grouped into two, namely titles and leads.
Meanwhile, the superstructure of the story form is also grouped into two, namely the situation in the fifth line of the news and the comments on the fifth and sixth lines of the news. The last part of the microstructure consists of several elements, namely semantics, syntax, stylistics and rhetoric. The semantic elements are divided into several parts, namely (1) the background is on the second line of the news, (2) the details are on the second and third lines of the news, (3) the intent is on the tenth line of the news, and (4) the nominalization is on the second line of the news. The syntactic elements are divided into several parts, namely (1) coherence is found in the second, third, and seventh lines of news, (2) sentence form is found in the second line, and the 21st line of news. The stylistic element is on the second line of the news. In the rhetorical element there is the use of letters, pictures, photos and numbers as a means of emphasizing and highlighting important things in the news.[]