Development of Torrance Test Creative Thinking Verbal (TTCT-V) Instrument for Measuring Arabic Creative Writing

This research aims to develop a TTCT-Verbal instrument to measure students' creative thinking skills and Arabic creative writing that essential competence of 21st-century skills. The instrument was developed based on Torrance's (1970) verbal test indicators and al-B a ri ’ s Arabic creative writing (2009). The R&D method used the 4D model design of Thiaragajan (1974). The instrument was developed with 6 components of creative thinking: ask and guess, guessing causes, guessing consequences, product improvement activity, unusual use activity, and suppose activity, with 5 items covering descriptive writing, news, poetry, Arabic quotes, and short stories. Based on the results of the 3 experts' validation tests showed that the TTCT-Verbal instrument was very valid, with an average of 4.5, and then tested on 30 university students. The results of the instrument validity test showed that all items were valid, and the reliability test showed reliable results. Therefore, this instrument is suitable for measuring the level of creative thinking and Arabic creative writing.


Introduction
Arabic has become a foreign language competency mandatory for students besides English in Indonesia (Mukmin, 2019).It is also oriented towards learning Arabic, which can be directed using critical and creative thinking skills suitable to the 21 st -century skills requirements (Albantani & Madkur, 2019), especially in writing skills.Writing skills using a foreign language such as Arabic involve grammar and writing structure under the rules of the language.In addition, writing is a form of intellectual development and analytical competency that provides ideas and creativity that occur in everyday life (Murray, 2012).Thus, writing activities combine cognitive processes and social factors (Alhawamdeh & Wahsheh, 2021).
Writing or kita> bah in Arabic learning is one of the skills to express ideas and thoughts in written form.They are writing activities in Arabic as a psycho-motor activity using Arabic letters and punctuation symbols (I'sani, 2012).This case, of course, has linguistic challenges for non-Arab students (Gabsi, 2020).Arabic writing skill has a process of interpreting ideas in the form of text as a form of syntactic, lexical, and grammatical mastery in their composition (Nik et al., 2010;Quitero, 2008;Rico, 2014).Writing is also implemented to control and verify problems interpreted based on students' ideas through Arabic writing (Fareed et al., 2016;Graham & Perin, 2007).Implementing this writing needs students' awareness to represent imagination and creative thinking in producing texts according to the structure and rules of the Arabic language (Barbot et al., 2012;Edberg, 2018;Larkin, 2009).
Awareness in writing activities is carried out by generating original ideas by constructing texts creatively and imaginatively to produce interpretations and new responses (Fraser, 2006;Kaplan, 2019).This activity is known as creative writing.Creative writing skills are complex and challenging because they cover all elements, such as practice, record, discovery, interpretation, editing, and inscription (Harper & Kroll, 2008;Yancey, 2009).Implementing Arabic creative writing focuses students on producing a project or assignment through feedback, which is shown by practice to self-reflect so they can think critically, creatively, and confidently (Donnelly, 2015).
Creativity becomes a new challenge that is quite complex by making breakthroughs, transformative paradigm shifts, or gradual improvements to every idea that leads to innovation or broader trans-disciplinary progress (Haught-Tromp, 2016).Besides that, Torrance (1965Torrance ( , 1970) also emphasized that creative thinking has a character that combines cognitive performance to reinforce each other through process abilities such as fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration, and resistance.This creatively and effectively shows that educators become facilitators in implementing creative thoughts and actions, which play a significant role in fostering, planning, and forming articulation, reflection, and self-confidence as triggers for the cognitive development of students (Collins et al., 1991;Harris & Bruin, 2018).The involvement of educators as facilitators will later spur understanding and encourage students' creativity through an exploratory process that is imaginative, empathetic, and self-confident (Stern, 2019).
Creativity refers to products, processes, and the environment (Liu et al., 2015).Products include achievements that are original and innovative.Similar to the process, which is also a part of problem-solving that leads to productivity solutions.Meanwhile, the environment includes work and open social contextual components that hierarchically allow the creation of innovative products.In this case, Kember & Leung (2009) emphasized that indicators in creative thinking require indepth processing by measuring the scale of learning process activities.This is also in line with Torrance's statement (1978), which states that creativity has a sensitive process or awareness of a problem, deficiencies, and gaps in knowledge received through gathering information, storing memory, defining difficulties, finding alternative solutions, retesting alternative solutions, and then refine the alternative solutions by communicating.
The process of creative and innovative thinking is also related to a creative individual's personality.However, creativity can be found, designed, developed, and/or trained to a certain degree (Chen, 2021).On this basis, to determine a person's level of creativity, it is necessary to measure the aspects of flexibility, originality, elaboration, brainstorming, modification, imagination, and sensitivity, which are entirely included in the development of the instrument (Runco & Pritzker, 2020).The development of this instrument must be adjusted to the objectives, methods, and time of use based on the high validity and reliability of learning (Purwanto, 2011).One instrument for measuring creative thinking skills that can be developed is the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT).
Instrument development on Torrance's creative thinking ability (TTCT) has two forms of modality.The first is verbal, which includes six activities with assessment components such as fluency, originality, and flexibility.The second is figural, consisting of three image construction activities with assessment components such as fluency, originality, elaboration, abstraction, and resistance (Kim et al., 2006).Each component needs to be learned and developed through training by activating thinking skills and attitudes to have an open mind and emotions (Kim, 2017).This TTCT instrument can be developed in various fields through interaction, collaboration, and/or competition, mutually benefiting each student (Kim, 2016).
Various studies have discussed creative thinking and TTCT development.The study tends to focus on creative thinking, such as developing writing skills (Anis et al., 2022;Sari & Mubaligh, 2019), learning Arabic using the PJBL model (Susanto et al., 2022), and implementing Arabic basic competency material (Muradi et al., 2020).Meanwhile, the trend of studies in implementing and developing TTCT instruments includes consideration of science subjects (Ernawati et al., 2019;Trisnayanti et al., 2019), environmental-based materials (Fauziah et al., 2021), and investigating measurements at the level of creativity students (Bart & Hakanson, 2016;Said-Metwaly, Moortgate, et al., 2021).Among these study trends, the position of this research is to complement and develop the TTCT instrument, which will focus on Arabic creative writing skills.
Writing skills include in-depth knowledge that requires creativity, collaboration, and communication (Murphy & Day, 2021).This allows creativity to cross all fields that are complexly capable of creating or producing something new as a prerequisite for innovation (Piirto, 2011).Creativity in writing skills lies in the involvement of experience through imagination space, selection of structures and methods, and preparation of ideas and problems (Harper, 2014).Based on this, this study aims to develop the TTCT-Verbal instrument to measure creative thinking and Arabic creative writing skills.Thus, this test-measuring instrument can be used as a further research instrument to measure learning outcomes in creative writing.

Method
This research is a pilot project aimed at developing creative test instruments based on the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (1970) and Arabic creative writing based on al- Bari (2009) and testing the validity and reliability of these instruments.This study used research and development (R&D) with a 4D model (Thiagarajan et al., 1974) Define-Design-Develop-Disseminate.
This research procedure started by 1) Define and analyzing the needs both theoretically and practically about creative thinking in Arabic writing, analysis of objectives and learning materials referring to Maha> rah al-Kita> bah 2 (Kita> bah Ibda> 'iyah) course, then identifying the concepts of creative thinking and creative writing from several reference sources, reviewing and mapping: 2) Design, that designing a grid of creative test questions to measure the ability to think creatively and write Arabic creatively as well as aspects of the assessment which consist of two components, both of the assessment of creative thinking and writing; 3) Develop, developing test grids into test questions based on tests developed by Torrance (1970) and content validity tests on expert (experts judgment) and revising based on input from experts; 4) Disseminate, by testing students to be tested and then tested statistics by testing the validity and reliability, whether the items are valid and reliable.Experts were asked to review the question grid, fill out a validation questionnaire for the test questions, and provide comments and suggestions through the Google form media to improve the test being developed.The questionnaire contains a description of the identity of the expert.The validity aspect consists of 6 points of presentation aspects, 4 points of linguistic aspects, as well as suggestions and comments narratively.According to Ratumanan and Laurens (2006), the interpretation of results uses validation criteria (Ratumanan & Laurens, 2006).Expert validation criteria Interval Category 1.75 > x > 1.00 indicates invalid criteria, 2.50 x 1.75 less valid, 3.25 x 2.50 quite valid, 4.00 x > 3.25 Valid, 5,00 x > 4.00 Very Valid.
This test instrument was tested on 30 students majoring in Arabic Language Education (ALE) who attended the Kita> bah 2 course at 4 grade at Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang who were selected randomly with varying abilities and educational backgrounds, both from Islamic boarding schools and non-Islamic boarding schools, referring to the development suggested by Sugiyono (2017).The object of this study consisted of 14 male and 16 female students.Data collection for the expert test used a questionnaire with a Likert scale of 5: Very Good (score 5), Good (score 4), Fair (score 3), Not Good (score 2), and Poor (score 1).To test the validity and reliability of the Arabic creative writing test using a written test in the form of descriptions and essays consisting of 5 items on descriptive writing, writing Arabic news, Arabic poetry, writing Arabic quotes, and writing short stories.This test is to test two things at one time: the level of creative thinking and the ability of Arabic writing skills.The assessment of creative thinking using the concept of Torrance (1970), which was developed includes 3 aspects; fluency (score 10-40), flexibility (score 10-30), and originality (score 10-30).As for the writing assessment, the Jacobs profile (1981) assessment was used, which included 5 aspects; content (score 13-30), organization (score 7-20), vocabulary (score 7-20), use of language (score 5-25), and writing technique (score 2-5).The data analysis for the validation questionnaire used descriptive analysis, while to test the validity used Pearson's Bivariate Product-Moment correlation, and to test the reliability used Cronbach Alpha inspite of the tests were in the form of descriptions and essays using SPSS 25.Furthermore, designing by combining profiles of aspects of creative thinking with creative writing material as outlined in a question grid consisting of 6 aspects of creative thinking activities; ask and guess, guessing causes, guessing consequences, product improvement activity, unusual use activity, and suppose activity.From 6 aspects of activities to 5 creative writing activities, the researchers combine guessing causes and consequences into 1 activity and 1 item.Then, it becomes 5 writing activities or 5 test items.The first ask-and-guess activity is combined with a description writing test by making questions from the available pictures, and then students are asked to describe the picture.The second and third activities are guessing causes and guessing consequences by writing news material from the images provided, which contain the causes and effects of an event.The fourth activity is a product improvement activity that asks students to produce Arabic poetry.At the same time, the fifth activity is the usual activity, asking students to develop ideas by writing down Arabic quotations.The sixth activity is the supposed activity, asking students to imagine and make short stories.
Each activity is then described, and indicators of creative thinking ability and writing ability with 3 factors; fluency, flexibility, and originality are developed.The following is also an example of a test in the form of an essay or essay writing test.The essay test is adjusted to the verbal test and creative writing achievement so that students can answer by developing ideas and expressing the results of their creative thoughts in complete writing.From these indicators, an assessment profile is formulated with an interval scale of 30-100 with details, a score of 10-40 for fluency, 10-30 for flexibility, and 10-30 for originality.Meanwhile, the assessment of writing ability follows the assessment profile initiated by Jacobs et al. (1981), which includes 5 aspects, there are content with a score of 13-30, organization with a score of 7-20, vocabulary with a score of 7-20, use of language with a score of 5-25, and writing technique score 2-5.The results of the TTCT-Verbal Creative Writing Arabic instrument design that has been carried out produce 5 items that can measure 6 creative thinking activities as well as being able to measure writing ability.
After designing the test and assessment instrument grids, the next step is expert validation.3 learning and language experts, especially experts with teaching experience or who worked on creative writing, carried out instrument content validation.The results of the assessment of the three experts are as follows:  The average value of each aspect item shows a range of 4.33-4.67,which is in the very valid category.Likewise, the average for each expert offers a value range of 4.2-4.8,indicating a very valid category from all aspects.However, there are several notes of comments from experts for the improvement of this test instrument, including: Expert 1 1.A more specific item instrument is needed.Therefore, the indicators do not appear to repeat 2. Instructions for questions need to be prepared in simple language 3.In general, it is appropriate and relevant Expert 2 1.Terms in foreign languages should be given Indonesian equivalents, such as ask and guess.2. It would be better to use a scale for indicators of creative ability.
3. Fluency, flexibility, and originality measures must be clarified and given an equivalent in Indonesian.4.There are no goal factors or the ultimate goal of each point.Expert 3 1.The creative writing test instrument follows the TTCT.
From the input of these experts, the test instrument and its outlines were revised, and improvements were made to the test instrument grids and test items from the aspects of indicators, language, and rating scales.The result of the advance is that there is no addition or subtraction of question items and material, only improvements in the instrument grille.After revision and improvement, the instrument can be statistically tested for validity and reliability.The results of the interpretation of the reliability of the ability to think creatively and the ability to write both show reliable results, which are more significant than 0.3.The developed test instrument is reliable and feasible to measure both the ability to think creatively and write simultaneously.
TTCT-V consists of six activities.The stimulus for each activity can start with a picture or question of a particular situation, and the test taker responds to the image or situation in writing.The assessment components include the fluency, flexibility, and originality subscales.The number of relevant ideas measures fluency in the picture/situation.Many different kinds of ideas measure flexibility.The uniqueness of the concept measures originality.As for Arabic creative writing, it uses concepts developed by al- Bari (2009) among the materials developed are instruments developed with 6 components of creative thinking; ask and guess, guessing causes, guessing consequences, product improvement activity, unusual use activity, suppose activity, with 5 items covering descriptive writing, news, poetry, Arabic quotes, and short stories.The assessment developed to measure creative thinking with an interval scale of each aspect of the assessment is as follows: The development of TTCT-V is needed to develop creativity in learning.The research on developing TTCT-V in Arabic creative writing above was preceded and based on previous studies; there was the development of TTCT-V in science learning to measure the level of creativity of science students using the Borg and Gall research design (Trisnayanti et al., 2019).As for the second language, in this case, English TTCT-V has also been developed in English creative writing by adopting TTCT-V into the assessment rubric, as was done in this study.After being validated by experts, the assessment rubric has a high level of validity and reliability, making it feasible to measure English creative writing (Rababah, 2018).
Creative assessment in the development of this instrument uses six aspects of creative thinking, which are simplified into five and then adjusted to the Arabic creative writing questions.The five aspects and items include ask and guess with objects in the form of image descriptions, guessing causes and guessing consequences with items on writing cause and effect of Arabic news, product improvement activity with items on constructing Arabic poetry, unusual activity with items on writing Arabic quotations, and suppose activity with short story writing questions.These six aspects of measuring student creativity are standardly used in measuring student cognition, and this is because these aspects evaluate individual competence to generalize original and adapted ideas within a limited time (Said-Metwaly, Noortgate, et al., 2021).
As for Arabic creative writing, the assessment refers to the five aspects Jacobs (1981) presented: content assessment, writing organization, vocabulary selection, language use, and technique.This aspect is reduced to indicators that are adapted to creative writing activities.These aspects of creative writing in Arabic can reveal grammatical and lexical problems and the complex nature of Arabic, which are the main challenges when writing in Arabic (Gabsi, 2020).Even lexically, students ignore the differences between words and overgeneralize their usage.Therefore, vocabulary selection is essential to be used as a reference for assessment.

Conclusion
The development of the 21st century demands the development of competencies to think creatively.This research has developed a TTCT-Verbal test instrument to measure the ability to think creatively through Arabic creative writing.The development of this instrument is based on indicators of verbal tests in Arabic creative writing, according to Torrance (1970).The instrument developed has 6 components of creative thinking, such as asking and guessing, guessing the causes, guessing the effects, product improvement activities, activities, unusual uses, and, let's say, which is carried out with 5 activity items including descriptive text, news, poetry, Arabic quotes, and short stories.In the process of developing the instrument, there were also validation results from 3 experts showing that the TTCT-Verbal instrument in Arabic creative writing was very valid with an average of 4,5 which was then revised and improved for testing.The results of the validity test of creative thinking and writing show that all items are valid; thus, this instrument is feasible for measuring the level of creative thinking and writing in Arabic.In addition, this instrument can be used to determine materials, strategies, and media in implementing Arabic learning and can also develop and enhance students' creative thinking abilities.
Developing instruments for creative thinking has significance with creative and imaginative individual personalities.The development of this instrument also has implications for providing stimulus by interpreting writing activities in the classroom to measure creative thinking skills.However, this study also has limitations in that it only develops one language skill, namely writing ability skill, and only uses the development of Torrance's instruments on the verbal aspect.Thus, further research can develop instruments for various language skills according to teacher needs.[]

Fig. 1 :
Fig.1: Design Research and Development of the TTCT-V Creative Writing Instrument purpose, and material analysis.Concept Identification, Literature review, and Concept mapping Experts Judgment Revision Design of the creative test instrument grid and the contents of the test items design of test assessment (creative thinking and writing) Development of test instruments into test questions Expert Validation Test (3 experts) Revision based on the assessment and input from experts Instrument Test of 30 Arabic Language Education students Validity and Reliability Test Vol. 8 No. 2 | 127-135 Copyright © 2023 | ARABI | p-ISSN 2548-6616 | e-ISSN 2548-6624 Result and DiscussionCreative Thinking Instrument in Arabic Writing: Define and Design StageIn the first stage, the defined stage in the development of creative thinking instruments in writing is analyzing needs with an analysis of Maha> rah Kita> bah 2 learning plans with a focus on Kita> bah Ibda> 'iyah at Arabic Language Education at Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, analysis of learning outcomes, learning materials, and assessment.The next step is exploring the concepts of creative thinking and creative writing in Arabic and finding the underlying and sufficient idea is the Torrance concept which can measure students' creative thinking abilities, while Arabic creative writing material refers to the concept of al-Kita> bah al-Ibda> 'iyah al-Bari (2009) by adjusting to learning outcomes.

Table 2 :
Results of Instrument Assessment by Experts