Analysis of Dialectal Differences Between Saudi Arabian and Egyptian 'Ammiya Arabic

Dialects are ways of speaking for small groups of people within a larger language community using a particular language. Geographical and anthropological differences cause the emergence of dialects. What distinguishes it is the change of letters, pronunciation deviations, and changes in harakat on several letters in one word or even entirely. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in dialects of Arabic ‘A mmiya Saudi Arabia and Arabic ‘Ammiya Egypt. This research method uses a qualitative approach. the type of research is Library Research. The data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The writing uses the deductive method. The results showed that the differences in Saudi Arabia and Egyptian Arabic dialects are in two aspects; Phonological and Morphological. In the phonological aspect occurs in the alternation of sounds, the addition of sounds, and the elimination of sounds. In the Morphological aspect, there are differences in the word formula (wazan).


Introduction
Fusha Arabic (Standard Variety) is the Arabic language used in Islamic literature and is the official language of instruction in every meeting that uses Arabic.(Zaki, 2021).Generally, every Arabic learner will definitely learn this fusha Arabic because there are official rules for learning it (Fithriyyahni and Sholikah 2018).Meanwhile, 'ammiya Arabic (non-standard variety) is a language that Arabs generally use as a language of daily conversation (Amran et al., 2021).'Ammiya Arabic does not have official rules that are binding in its use, so almost every region has different dialects in its use.(Adib, 2009).
A dialect is a way of using language in a particular, limited environment within a wider language community (Aziz, 2019).It is also said that a dialect is a way of speaking a small group of people within a larger language community using a particular language (Hilāl, 1998).Dialects emerge due to geographical and anthropological differences (Ghozi, 2017).Identifying dialects is more difficult than identifying languages, even though dialects are a subset of languages (Angeline, Wibawa, and Pujianto 2022) This is due to the difficulty of identifying a dialect that is usually similar to other dialects in the same language (Pamungkas and Hidayatullah, 2021).
There are differences between the dialects of 'ammiya Arabic and standard Arabic (fusha), these differences occur in letter changes, pronunciation deviations, and harakat on some letters in one word or even entirely (Azkia, 2016).'ammiya language is a language that is limited (local) space, not global.Because the language of 'ammiya in each country and even the regions of the country is different (Hasnah, 2019).The 'ammiya language is a language that does not have standardized rules, it is an unnatural extension of language (Mualif, 2022).Furaihah (1989) He stated that the 'ammiya language is a language that violates the standard rules of the fusha language and experiences deviations.These deviations often occur in grammar's word structure and symbolism system (Nashoih and Ashoumi, 2018).According to the KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia), deviation means deviation from predetermined rules.(Sugono, 2008).
'Ammiya Arabic dialect is a dialect that is often used in informal or non-formal daily activities (Nasir 2022).Ya'qub stated that 'ammiya language -also known as al-lahjah -is used in ordinary (unofficial) business and everyday life (market language) (Amran et al. 2021).'Ammiya Arabic in each country also has various versions according to the country and region that uses the language, so we can find 'ammiya Saudi Arabia, 'ammiya Sudan, 'ammiya Egypt, and so on (Suparno and Qosebaty, 2020).Saudi Arabia's 'ammiya Arabic has emerged since the Qur'an was revealed, which in fact uses the Quraish language (Akib, 2016).This raises a number of problems, where the non-Quraish community does not all have the readiness and ability to use the language of the Qur'an properly and correctly (Hakim, 2018).The Egyptian 'āmmiyyah language emerged around 3400 BC.This language is the oldest language that still exists today by the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula (Pancarani et al., 2016).
The Egyptian 'ammiya Arabic dialect is considered the most popular, because this dialect has a close relationship with the fusha Arabic, which has its own characteristics, including the last vowel letter being switched off, the weakening of the vowel article alif+lam at the beginning of the word, substitution (Imtiyas and Kholisin, 2022).Egyptian 'Ammiya language is not only absorbed from Saudi Arabic (fusha), but also from several countries including Turkey, Italy, France, Greece, and England.(Nurcholisho, 2021).
Other terms that linguists often use to refer to this type of 'Ammiya language are al-Lahjah as-Syai'ah, al-Lughah al-Muhakkiyah, al-Lughah al-'Arabiyah al-'Amiyah, al-Lahjah al-'Amiyah and some call it the term lughatusy Sha'b (Astuti, 2017).The difference between the dialect of 'Ammiya Saudi Arabia and the Egyptian dialect is very interesting for us to discuss because both Arabic dialects have very significant differences in pronunciation and consonants but have the same meaning (Khitam, 2015).
Several studies related to the characteristics of the 'ammiya language of Saudi Arabia and Egypt have been carried out, for example, the first journal with the title "Reflection of Phonological Variations in Egyptian and Saudi Arabic Phonemes".This study's data focuses on phonological aspects changes in Egyptian and Saudi dialects.The changes are based on five factors: referential, articulatory phonetic, translational, orthographic, and speech device.The results of the study state that the Egyptian and Saudi dialects have varied differences in their phonological aspects in the form of weakening, omission, and addition of sounds (Suparno, 2018).
The second journal is entitled "Dialects of Arabic".It explains the various dialects of the language that exist in the Arabian Peninsula.It is stated that classical 'ammiya Arabic is divided into Arabic in the Hijaz, Syria, Iraq, Egypt and Morocco.The different dialectal variations of 'ammiya are caused by several factors including social, cultural, geographical, and political factors.This makes the 'ammiya language of each region has its own characteristics (Suaidi, 2008).
From the description of the background of the problem that has been presented above, some important things that become the purpose of this study that are considered important are to find out some of the differences between the dialect of Arabic 'ammiya Saudi Arabia and Egypt.

Method
This research uses a qualitative approach with a type of research in the form of Library Research.The data collection technique is documentation.Namely in the form of a table explaining the differences in dialects of Arabic in Saudi Arabia and Egypt (Djaelani, 2013).While the data analysis is descriptive-analytical with a deductive method.That is inductive and analyzing only to the level of description, namely making preliminary conclusions then the data is explained in detail.While the data is described descriptively, namely taking data from direct observations in the field, several dictionaries that explain the differences in dialects of Arabic 'ammiya Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and several articles supporting this research.

Dialects of 'Ammiya Arabic in Phonology
The term phonology comes from a combination of two Greek words; phone and logos.Phone means sound and logos means science.Several experts, including Abdul Chaer (2012), present the phonology explanation.Phonology comes from phon (sound) and logi (science).So that in terminology phonology is a field of linguistics that studies, analyzes, and discusses the sequence of language sounds.Based on this understanding, we can understand that the discussion in linguistics specifically discusses the sequence of language sounds known as phonology.
In Arabic, the science of sound or phonology is known as the science of al-Ashwat.Ilmu al-Ashwat is the science that discusses the formation, transfer, and reception of language sounds (al-Khouli, 1982).Starting from the formation of language sounds to become meaningful utterances conveyed to the interlocutor through language which is a study in phonology.Including related to the function and meaning contained in a sound.Another term for phonology is the science of al-Ashwat, which is the science that discusses the narration of language sounds, their transfer, and reception.
In this case, researchers only focus on the differences between Saudi Arabic and Egyptian Arabic in phonological aspects in 3 ways, namely sound replacement, sound addition, and sound removal.As for some of the differences contained in Saudi Arabic and Egyptian Arabic, the researchers will describe them as follows: 1. Language Sound Substitutions Substitution Differences in Saudi Arabic and Egyptian Arabic include: In the alternation of consonants with consonants, the dialects of Saudi Arabic and Egyptian Arabic have a different number of rules, namely in the dialect of Saudi 'Ammiya Arabic only has 3 rules, namely the alternation of consonants with consonants ‫ذ‬ (dza) -‫د‬ (d), ‫ث‬ (tsa) -‫ت‬ (ta) dan ‫ء‬ (a) -‫ي‬ (ya) (Amran et al. 2021).Whereas the Egyptian dialect of 'ammiya Arabic has 6 rules, namely alternation ‫ق‬ (qaf) -‫ء‬ (a), ‫ج‬ (j) -(g), ‫ظ‬ (zha) -‫ض‬ (d), and 3 are the same as the dialectal rules of Saudi 'ammiya Arabic (Al-Makkiyah & Al-Banjari, 2009).

Dzuhur
Table 1.1.Replacement of consonants with consonants Table 1.1 explains that the pronunciation of the same three rules between the dialects of Saudi Arabia and Egypt has no significant difference and the difference between the two is the three additional rules in the Egyptian dialect of Arabic.

b. Vocal replacement with vocal
The change of vowels with the vowels of the Saudi and Egyptian dialects of 'ammiya Arabic has its own rules among the rules of the 'ammiya Arabic dialect is the change of A to I, AI to E, and AU to O (Amran et al., 2021a).Whereas in the Egyptian dialect of 'ammiya Arabic, the only change is the change of the vowel U to I (Mufrodi, 2015).
This is what researchers found in the differences between Saudi 'Ammiya Arabic and Egyptian Arabic not so much, the following will be described:

Addition of Language Sounds
The addition of language sounds in the Saudi 'Ammiya Arabic dialect is only found in 2 places, namely at the beginning of the word and also at the end of the word with the provision of the addition of the vowel /a/ after ya' mutakallim (first person singular pronoun) which functions as an enclitic.(Amran et al. 2021a) While the addition of sounds in the Egyptian 'ammiya dialect there are 3 places, namely prosthesis (the addition of sounds at the beginning which occurs in interrogative words that indicate time, and also in verbs that have a wazan ‫ّل‬ ‫تفع‬ in perfeck and imperative forms changes to ‫ّل‬ ‫,)اتفع‬ epenthesis (occurs in single words other than foreign vocabulary which occurs in tashdid on subject pronouns), paragoge (The addition of the sound /h/ at the end which occurs in negation sentences, namely in the form of the suffix /sh/ which indicates the form of negative sentences, however, to express negative sentences not only the addition of suffixes but also the addition of the ‫)ما(‬ at the start of a word).(Suparno, 2018).The data will be described as follows:

Language Sound Drops
This dialect of Saudi 'Ammiya Arabic has 3 places, namely the deletion of sounds at the beginning, the sound in the middle (in the form of consonant deletion and there is vowel deletion), and the sound at the end (in the form of consonant deletion that occurs in mu'annats isim by deleting the consonant /h/ or /t/ which is a feminine marker.Vowel deletion usually occurs at the end of verbs.While syllable deletion occurs in certain words) (Amran et al., 2021a).Whereas in the Egyptian dialect of 'ammiya Arabic, there are 4 places, namely word deletion at the beginning (usually occurs in glottal stops), in the middle of the word (occurs in dual feminine nouns), at the end of the word (in the form of consonant deletion and vowel deletion), and at the end and in the middle of the word (occurs in feminine nouns with the CaaCiCah pattern) (Mufrodi 2015).

Table 1 .
2. Vocal replacement with vocalTable 1.2 explains that in terms of vocal sound alternation with vocal occurs in vocal I, which changes vocal A to I in Saudi Arabia dialect.While in the Egyptian dialect, the vocal U becomes I.

Table 1 .
3. Addition of Language SoundsTable1.3describes the addition of sounds in the dialects of Arabic 'Ammiya Saudi Arabia and Egypt.With the addition of the initial sound in the Saudi Arabian dialect, researchers only get one example, namely in table number 2.